Courts have said time and again that the fair use doctrine may be "'the most troublesome in the whole law of copyright.'" See, e.g., Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google Inc., 886 F.3d 1179, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 2018) [internal citations omitted], rev'd on other grounds, 141 S. Ct. 1183 (2021). The emerging cases by authors and copyright owners challenging various generative AI programs for using copyrighted materials are certain to create new troubles for the courts being asked to apply the fair use doctrine to this important new technology. Several such cases to date have received considerable publicity, including two class actions by Michael Chabon, Ta-Nehisi Coates and others, Chabon v. OpenAI Inc., No. 3:23-cv-04625 (N.D.Cal.) and Chabon v. Meta Platforms Inc., No. 3:23-cv-04663, (N.D.Cal.); another class action involving several best-selling authors, Authors Guild v. OpenAI Inc., No. 1:23-cv-08292 (S.D.N.Y.), and another class action including Sarah Silverman, Kadrey v. Meta Platforms Inc., No. 3:23-cv-03417 (N.D.Cal).