ADDITIONAL CASES In re: Kanwaldeep Singh Kalsi, Debtor; 20-10330 MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION AND DENYING DEFENDANT’S CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT The cross-motions for summary judgment in this adversary proceeding seek a determination of dischargeability of attorneys’ fees awarded to the estranged spouse of the debtor-defendant in ongoing divorce proceedings. The plaintiff argues that the attorneys’ fees are non-dischargeable as domestic support obligations under section 523(a)(5), or, in the alternative, as an obligation to a spouse incurred in the course of a divorce under section 523(a)(15). In response, the defendant argues that the fees should be discharged due to a hardship standard that was removed from the statute in 2005. Accordingly, the question of dischargeability in this case is easy; the debt is non-dischargeable. I. BACKGROUND Campagna Johnson Mady, P.C. (“CJM,” or the “Plaintiff”) represents Namrita Purewal, who is the estranged spouse of Kanwaldeep Singh Kalsi (the “Debtor” or the “Defendant”), in the pending matrimonial action before the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Suffolk, between Purewal and the Defendant. (“Complaint,” ECF Doc. # 1, 7.) In the matrimonial action, Purewal was awarded $75,000.00 in attorneys’ fees, with such amount to be paid directly to CJM no later than 30 days from January 27, 2020 (the date of entry of the matrimonial court order). (Id. 9.) A copy of the matrimonial court order is attached as Exhibit B to the Complaint. (Id. at 14-18.) On February 3, 2020 (the “Petition Date”), the Debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. (Case No. 20-10330, ECF Doc. # 1.) Both Purewal and CJM filed proofs of claim. (Id., Claim Nos. 8, 10.) Purewal’s claim is for $1,778,257.06, which includes the $75,000.00 in attorneys’ fees ordered by the matrimonial court. (Claim No. 8.) CJM’s claim is for $75,000.00, consisting only of the attorneys’ fees ordered by the matrimonial court. (Claim No. 10.) Both proofs of claim assert that the attorneys’ fees are entitled to priority as domestic support obligations under section 507(a)(1)(A).1 On December 4, 2020, the Court converted the case to one under chapter 7. (Id., ECF Doc. # 57.) After conversion, the chapter 7 trustee filed a notice of possible dividends. (Id., ECF Doc. # 63.) This adversary proceeding was filed on March 2, 2021. (Complaint.) At the pretrial conference held on June 2, 2021, the parties agreed that there is no factual dispute in this adversary proceeding and agreed to proceed with cross-motions for summary judgment. Each party filed a motion for summary judgment on June 23, 2021. (“Plaintiff’s Motion,” ECF Doc. # 11; “Defendant’s Motion,” ECF Doc. # 12.) Each party then filed a response to the other party’s motion for summary judgment. (“Plaintiff’s Response,” ECF Doc. # 13; “Defendant’s Response,” ECF Doc. # 14.) II. DISCUSSION Section 523(a)(5) provides that domestic support obligations are excepted from discharge. Section 523(a)(15) provides that all other debts “to a spouse…that is incurred by the debtor in the course of a divorce or separation or in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record” are excepted from discharge. 11 U.S.C. §523(a)(15) In their joint operation, §523(a)(15) begins after §523(a)(5) operates; and then § 523(a)(15) makes nondischargeable all other debts running between spouses or ex-spouses that were created under divorce decrees, decrees of separate maintenance, or any other court judgment that parses out the consequences of the breakdown of a marital relationship. 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY 523.23 (quoting Lakeman v. Weed (In re Weed), 479 B.R. 533, 538 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2012)). A. Section 523(a)(5) As noted above, section 523(a)(5) provides that domestic support obligations are excepted from discharge. Section 101(14A) defines “domestic support obligation” as follows: (14A) The term “domestic support obligation” means a debt that accrues before, on, or after the date of the order for relief in a case under this title, including interest that accrues on that debt as provided under applicable nonbankruptcy law notwithstanding any other provision of this title, that is — (A) owed to or recoverable by — (i) a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor or such child’s parent, legal guardian, or responsible relative; or (ii) a governmental unit; (B) in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support (including assistance provided by a governmental unit) of such spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor or such child’s parent, without regard to whether such debt is expressly so designated; (C) established or subject to establishment before, on, or after the date of the order for relief in a case under this title, by reason of applicable provisions of — (i) a separation agreement, divorce decree, or property settlement agreement; (ii) an order of a court of record; or (iii) a determination made in accordance with applicable nonbankruptcy law by a governmental unit; and (D) not assigned to a nongovernmental entity, unless that obligation is assigned voluntarily by the spouse, former spouse, child of the debtor, or such child’s parent, legal guardian, or responsible relative for the purpose of collecting the debt. 11 U.S.C. §101(14A). It is well-settled that attorneys’ fees awarded to a spouse in connection with a divorce proceeding are domestic support obligations within the meaning of section 101(14A), which are non-dischargeable under section 523(a)(5): Courts are in general agreement that obligations in the nature of alimony, maintenance and support may include the duty to pay attorneys’ fees incurred by the former spouse in connection with a divorce proceeding, the obtaining and enforcement of alimony and/or support awards, or for custody disputes. Falk & Siemer v. Maddigan (In re Maddigan), 312 F.3d 589, 595-96 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting In re Peters, 133 B.R. 291, 295 (S.D.N.Y. 1991), aff’d, 964 F.2d 166 (2d Cir. 1992) (per curiam)); see also Pauley v. Spong (In re Spong), 661 F.2d 6, 9 (2d Cir. 1981) (noting that “[a]n award of attorney’s fees may be essential to a spouse’s ability to sue or defend a matrimonial action and thus a necessary [of life] under the law,” and that the bankruptcy court therefore “correctly concluded that defendant’s undertaking to pay his wife’s legal bill fell within th[e] definition” of alimony and support). Debtor’s counsel correctly notes that “what constitutes alimony, maintenance, or support, will be determined under the bankruptcy laws, not State law.” Forsdick v. Turgeon, 812 F.2d 801, 802 (2d Cir. 1987). However, “bankruptcy courts may refer to well-established state laws in making that determination.” In re Rogowski, 462 B.R. 435, 445 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2011); see also Forsdick v. Turgeon, 812 F.2d at 803 (noting that “while the characterization of [an] award by [a state court] referee is not determinative of the question, it is strongly indicative” that an obligation is “in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support”). The Second Circuit has explained that reference to state law is certainly appropriate in determining whether an obligation to pay a spouse’s attorneys’ fees in a divorce proceeding is “in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support”: As Congress undoubtedly was aware, United States courts have no jurisdiction over divorce or alimony allowances. There is no federal law of domestic relations, the whole subject of which belongs to the laws of the States. Congress could not have intended that federal courts were to formulate the bankruptcy law of alimony and support in a vacuum, precluded from all reference to the reasoning of the well-established law of the States. Spong, 661 F.2d at 9 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In a more recent well-reasoned opinion from the Eastern District, Judge Trust, following Spong, analyzed whether attorneys’ fees awarded in a divorce proceeding are domestic support obligations within the meaning of section 101(14A) with reference to New York law, and found that a New York court must, at a minimum, find that the former spouse requires financial support before the court can properly award that spouse matrimonial attorney’s fees. Because a finding of financial need is required, this Court concludes that a proper award of matrimonial attorney’s fees under New York state law is “in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support[.]“ Rogowski, 462 B.R. at 446. Here, the attorneys’ fees were awarded based on the matrimonial court’s determination that “[the Debtor] is the monied spouse,” and that “[t]he purpose of a counsel fee award is to level the playing field between the monied and less-monied spouse.” (Complaint
