When does an everyday product like bleach become hazardous waste that requires special handling when disposed of by stores? This is not an academic question; companies that lack policies to adequately address it could face large fines or even criminal charges.

Case in point: On May 28 Bentonville, Arkansas–based Wal-Mart Stores Inc. agreed to pay more than $80 million after pleading guilty to six counts of violating the Clean Water Act in California and one count of violating the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in Missouri.