The raft of rules affecting tech companies that the European Union has adopted in the last two years is as long as it is cryptic—from the DMA, DSA and DGA in 2022; and the DA and NIS2 last year; to the AI act and eIDAS if everything goes according to plan later this year.

These bills have, among others, sought to curb tech companies’ market power, make them adhere to more stringent cybersecurity obligations, boost their sharing of industrial data and tightly regulate their use of artificial intelligence.