Game theory is the study of strategic decision-making between two or more parties where the decisions of one party are driven by the other party’s expected actions. In situations of conflict, such as negotiations or adversarial procedures, game theory analyzes the strategic behavior of rational actors.
The highly debated play chosen by Seattle Seahawks coach Pete Carroll in the final seconds of Super Bowl XLIX illustrates game theory perfectly. With the ball inches from the end zone, Carroll opted to pass for a touchdown rather than give the ball to Marshawn Lynch, one of the league’s best runners. Game theory supports Carroll’s call, despite the outcome of the play. Consider that if Carroll is known to always run from close-in, the opposing coach will respond by stacking the line. If Carroll switches the play, based on his expectation that the opposition will stack the line, the less-expected pass against a run-stacked defense should tip the scale in Carroll’s favor. Despite the outcome, Carroll’s call was less risky in the context of game theory.
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