Laydon, Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-Appellee v. Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., et al., Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants The Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, UBS AG, Lloyds Banking Group PLC, UBS Securities Japan Co., Ltd., the Royal Bank of Scotland PLC, RBS Securities Japan Limited, Defendants-Appellees* On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Plaintiff Jeffrey Laydon brought this putative class action against more than twenty banks and brokers, alleging a conspiracy to manipulate two benchmark rates known as Yen-LIBOR and Euroyen TIBOR. He claimed that he was injured after purchasing and trading a Euroyen TIBOR futures contract on a U.S.-based commodity exchange because the value of that contract was based on a distorted, artificial Euroyen TIBOR. Plaintiff brought claims under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), 7 U.S.C. §1 et seq., and the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §1 et seq., and sought leave to assert claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§1962, 1964(c). The district court (Daniels, J.) dismissed the CEA and antitrust claims and denied leave to add the RICO claims. Plaintiff appeals, arguing that the district court erred by holding that the CEA claims were impermissibly extraterritorial, that he lacked antitrust standing to assert a Sherman Act claim, and that he failed to allege proximate causation for his proposed RICO claims. We affirm. The alleged conduct — i.e., that the bank defendants presented fraudulent submissions to an organization based in London that set a benchmark rate related to a foreign currency — occurred almost entirely overseas. Indeed, Plaintiff fails to allege any significant acts that took place in the United States. Plaintiff’s CEA claims are based predominantly on foreign conduct and are thus impermissibly extraterritorial. See Prime Int’l Trading, Ltd. v. BP P.L.C., 937 F.3d 94, 106 (2d Cir. 2019). The district court also correctly concluded that Plaintiff lacked antitrust standing because he would not be an efficient enforcer of the antitrust laws. See Schwab Short-Term Bond Mkt. Fund v. Lloyds Banking Grp. PLC, 22 F.4th 103, 115-20 (2d Cir. 2021). Lastly, we agree with the district court that Plaintiff failed to allege proximate causation for his RICO claims. The judgment of the district court is thus AFFIRMED. MICHAEL PARK, C.J. Plaintiff Jeffrey Laydon brought this putative class action against more than twenty banks and brokers, alleging a conspiracy to manipulate two benchmark rates known as Yen-LIBOR and Euroyen TIBOR. He claimed that he was injured after purchasing and trading a Euroyen TIBOR futures contract on a U.S.-based commodity exchange because the value of that contract was based on a distorted, artificial Euroyen TIBOR. Plaintiff brought claims under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), 7 U.S.C. §1 et seq., and the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §1 et seq., and sought leave to assert claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§1962, 1964(c). The district court (Daniels, J.) dismissed the CEA and antitrust claims and denied leave to add the RICO claims. Plaintiff appeals, arguing that the district court erred by holding that the CEA claims were impermissibly extraterritorial, that he lacked antitrust standing to assert a Sherman Act claim, and that he failed to allege proximate causation for his proposed RICO claims. We affirm. The alleged conduct — i.e., that the bank defendants presented fraudulent submissions to an organization based in London that set a benchmark rate related to a foreign currency — occurred almost entirely overseas. Indeed, Plaintiff fails to allege any significant acts that took place in the United States. Plaintiff’s CEA claims are based predominantly on foreign conduct and are thus impermissibly extraterritorial. See Prime Int’l Trading, Ltd. v. BP P.L.C., 937 F.3d 94, 106 (2d Cir. 2019). The district court also correctly concluded that Plaintiff lacked antitrust standing because he would not be an efficient enforcer of the antitrust laws. See Schwab Short-Term Bond Mkt. Fund v. Lloyds Banking Grp. PLC, 22 F.4th 103, 115-20 (2d Cir. 2021). Lastly, we agree with the district court that Plaintiff failed to allege proximate causation for his RICO claims. The judgment of the district court is thus affirmed. I. BACKGROUND A. Factual Background 1. Yen-LIBOR and Euroyen TIBOR Plaintiff alleges the manipulation of two benchmark rates known as Yen-LIBOR and Euroyen TIBOR, which reflected the interest rates at which banks can lend Japanese Yen outside of Japan.1 There were two key differences between Yen-LIBOR and Euroyen TIBOR. First, different entities set the rates. During the relevant period, the Japanese Bankers Association (“JBA”) set Euroyen TIBOR by accepting submissions from a panel of banks headquartered primarily in Japan. Each bank submitted to the JBA the interest rate at which it could borrow offshore Yen. The JBA then calculated Euroyen TIBOR for various maturities by discarding the two highest and two lowest submissions and averaging the remaining ones. Yen-LIBOR, on the other hand, was a London-based benchmark set by the British Bankers’ Association (“BBA”). Each bank sitting on a panel of London-based banks submitted to the BBA the rate at which it could borrow Yen outside of Japan. The BBA calculated Yen-LIBOR by discarding the highest and lowest 25 percent of submissions and determining the average of the remaining 50 percent. The second major difference between the rates was that they were set at different times. “Euroyen TIBOR [was] calculated on each business day as of 11:00 a.m. Tokyo time,” while “Yen-LIBOR [was] calculated each business day as of 11:00 a.m. London time.” Third Am. Compl.
