OPINION AND ORDER Tamika Miller (the “Relator”) has moved for reconsideration of the Opinion of June 22, 2022 granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss without leave to amend the complaint and denying the Relator’s motion for a relator’s share. For the following reasons, the Relator’s motion for reconsideration is denied. Background This Court assumes familiarity with its June 22 Opinion and summarizes only the facts necessary to decide this motion. See United States ex rel. Miller v. Citigroup Inc., 19CV10970, 2022 WL 2237619 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2022). As alleged in the Relator’s complaint, the Relator was employed by the defendants in 2014 to assist in the oversight of their third-party vendors’ compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and consent orders. In that position, the Relator observed what she believes are numerous violations of applicable law, as well as violations of two consent orders that the defendants entered in 2015 with the Office of the Comptroller of Currency (“OCC”) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). The Relator alleges that the defendants had an obligation to accurately report their compliance to the Government, but that they deliberately hid compliance failures and falsified reports in order to avoid disclosing violations. On November 27, 2019, the Relator filed this qui tam action, bringing a claim against the defendants for improperly avoiding payment obligations (a “reverse false claim”) in violation of the False Claims Act (“FCA”), among other causes of action. In June of 2020, the Government declined to intervene in the action. On January 31, 2022, the Relator moved for a share of a $400 million fine the OCC had obtained against the defendants in a 2020 consent order, arguing that her disclosure of the defendants’ violations formed the basis for the consent order. On March 25, while that motion was being briefed, the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. The Relator consented to dismissal of the claims against Citigroup, Inc. and Citibank, Inc., and voluntarily dismissed each claim asserted in the complaint except for the reverse false claim. On June 22, this Court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss, denied the Relator’s motion for a share of the OCC’s $400 million award, and denied the Relator’s request for leave to amend her complaint. Miller, 2022 WL 2237619, at *5. The Relator moved for reconsideration of the June 22 Opinion on July 20. The Relator included with her motion for reconsideration proposed amendments to her complaint. Discussion The standard for granting a motion for reconsideration is “strict.” Cho v. Blackberry Ltd., 991 F.3d 155, 170 (2d Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). A motion for reconsideration is “not a vehicle for relitigating old issues, presenting the case under new theories, securing a rehearing on the merits, or otherwise taking a second bite at the apple.” Analytical Surv., Inc. v. Tonga Partners, L.P., 684 F.3d 36, 52 (2d Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). “A party may…obtain relief only when the party identifies an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice.” Cho, 991 F.3d at 170. The decision to grant or deny the motion for reconsideration rests within “the sound discretion of the district court.” Aczel v. Labonia, 584 F.3d 52, 61 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). The motion for reconsideration must be denied. It does not identify any issue overlooked by the Court or any change in controlling law. Instead, it repeats at greater length arguments already considered and rejected. I. Obligation to Pay To state a claim under the reverse false claims provision, a relator must adequately allege the existence of an “obligation” to pay the Government that the defendant “knowingly conceals or knowingly and improperly avoids or decreases.” 31 U.S.C. §3729(a)(1)(G). An “obligation” refers to “an established duty, whether or not fixed,” and may arise from a contractual relationship or statutory or regulatory obligation. Id. §3729(b)(3). “Where a complaint makes no mention of any financial obligation that the defendants owed to the government, and does not specifically reference any false records or statements used to decrease such an obligation, a court should dismiss the reverse false claim.” United States ex rel. Foreman v. AECOM, 19 F.4th 85, 119 (2d Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). The Opinion of June 22 found that the Relator had not plausibly alleged conduct giving rise to an “obligation” to pay within the meaning of the FCA. Miller, 2022 WL 2237619, at *3-4. The Relator alleged that the defendants had violated applicable laws, regulations, and consent orders, and then concealed those violations from the Government. As several courts of appeals have held, however, unassessed liability for a violation of regulation or a consent order does not create an “established duty” to pay. See id. at *3 (collecting cases). Accordingly, the Relator had not plausibly alleged a reverse false claim under the FCA. And because she had not stated a valid claim under the FCA, she was not entitled to a share of any alternate remedy. See L-3 Commc’ns EOTech, Inc., 921 F.3d 11, 29-30 (2d Cir. 2019) (relator had no right to an alternate remedy for a qui tam claim brought in a complaint that had been voluntarily dismissed); see also United States ex rel. Bledsoe v. Cmty. Health Sys., Inc., 501 F.3d 493, 522 (6th Cir. 2007) (relator must allege a valid qui tam claim to be entitled to a share of an alternate remedy). The Relator argues that she plausibly alleged an obligation to pay because applicable federal statutes impose mandatory penalties for violations. This argument was raised in opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, however, and it need not be reconsidered. See Analytical Surv., Inc., 684 F.3d at 52. As the June 22 Opinion explained, a violation of a law does not automatically give rise to an “obligation” within the meaning of the FCA, even if that violation comes with a monetary penalty. Miller, 2022 WL 2237619, at *3. An “obligation” to pay does not arise “as soon as the conduct that is the basis for the fine has occurred” — it attaches only when the “duty to pay that fine has been formally established.” See United States ex rel. Simoneaux v. E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co., 843 F.3d 1033, 1038 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting legislative history). The Relator argues that her case is distinguishable from decisions finding no obligation to pay because the defendants in this case had a duty to disclose their compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and consent orders. But breach of a duty to disclose a violation does not give rise to an “obligation” to pay any more than the violation itself does. A person who complies with the duty to disclose is left in the same position as any other lawbreaker: the Government may choose to assess a penalty, or it may not. An obligation to pay arises only if the Government takes the former route. See Simoneaux at 1039.1 II. Heightened Pleading Standard The Opinion of June 22 also dismissed the Relator’s claim because it did not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard. A relator alleging a claim subject to this heightened pleading standard must “state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). A claim under the FCA must therefore ordinarily “(1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent.” United States ex rel. Chorches v. Am. Med. Response, Inc., 865 F.3d 71, 81 (2d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). The Relator argues that this standard is applicable only to conventional false claims under the FCA, and not to reverse false claims, which may impose liability on a defendant even when the defendant does not make any affirmative misrepresentation. The Relator raised this argument in opposition to the motion dismiss, however, and it remains unavailing. The Second Circuit has held that “Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard applies to reverse false claims.” Foreman, 19 F.4th at 119. Accordingly, the Relator was required to allege “with particularity” the circumstances giving rise to the reverse false claim. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Moreover, although a reverse false claim need not involve any affirmative misrepresentation, the Relator alleged that the defendants made such misrepresentations by falsifying audit reports. To the extent that the Relator’s claim depends on that misrepresentation, it must be alleged with particularity. See Foreman, 19 F.4th at 119. Nor may the Relator avoid Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard by basing liability on a failure to disclose violations. Rule 9(b) applies to claims involving fraudulent omissions just as it applies to claims involving fraudulent misstatements. See Employees’ Ret. Sys. of Gov’t of V.I. v. Blanford, 794 F.3d 297, 305 (2d Cir. 2015). The Relator’s complaint did not describe or identify “any specific false record or statement that [the defendants] made to avoid” any obligation. Foreman, 19 F.4th at 119. Nor did it discuss any specific incident in which the defendants violated an applicable law, regulation, or consent order and then failed to disclose the violation. Accordingly, the complaint was appropriately dismissed under Rule 9(b). III. Evidence Outside the Pleadings The Relator argues that the June 22 Opinion improperly relied on facts outside of the complaint when granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss. When considering a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), a court must “accept as true the factual allegations in the complaint and draw all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” Foreman, 19 F.4th at 104 (citation omitted). Accordingly, a court may not normally rely on evidence not alleged, attached, or incorporated into the pleadings when deciding a motion to dismiss. Id. at 107. The June 22 Opinion did not rely on evidence outside of the pleadings in dismissing the Relator’s complaint. The Relator’s complaint was dismissed because it failed to allege any fraudulent misstatements or omissions with the requisite particularity, and because its allegations did not give rise to an obligation to pay within the meaning of the FCA. Miller, 2022 WL 2237619, at *3-4. In its discussion of the case’s factual background, the Opinion mentioned matters outside of the pleadings because the Opinion considered not only the defendants’ motion to dismiss but also the Relator’s motion for a share of the OCC’s $400 million fine. See id. at *1-2. The motion for a relator’s share depended on facts outside the pleadings — indeed, the OCC had not issued the fine until after the complaint was filed. Id. But these facts formed no part of the Opinion’s analysis of the motion to dismiss, which relied only upon the allegations pled in the Relator’s complaint. The Relator also argues that the June 22 Opinion improperly determined the basis for the OCC’s 2020 consent order without allowing for sufficient discovery on the issue. The Relator, however, chose to move for a share of the OCC’s fine before she had obtained discovery. Moreover, the content of the consent order would have been subject to judicial notice even if it had not been submitted with the parties’ briefs. See Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 596 F.3d 112, 124 n.12 (2d Cir. 2010). As the June 22 Opinion explained, however, the Relator’s request for a share of the award “must be denied regardless…because she has failed to state a claim.” Miller, 2022 WL 2237619, at *2. Accordingly, the complaint was correctly dismissed, and the Relator’s request for a relator’s share correctly denied, regardless of the basis for the OCC’s fine. The deficiencies in the Relator’s complaint provided sufficient justification for the June 22 Opinion’s disposition of the motions before the Court. IV. Leave to Amend Finally, the Relator argues that the June 22 Opinion improperly denied her leave to amend the complaint. The Relator cites Loreley Financing (Jersey) No. 3. Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, 797 F.3d 160, 189-91 (2d Cir. 2015), for the proposition that a plaintiff must always be given at least one opportunity to amend a complaint after there has been a definitive ruling on a motion to dismiss. As the June 22 Opinion explained, however, Loreley Financing does not announce such a rule. In that decision, the Second Circuit held that plaintiffs do not “forfeit” any opportunity to amend their complaint when they decline to amend it at a pre-motion conference. Id. at 190. Here, the plaintiff had the opportunity to review the defendants’ motion to dismiss when she declined to amend her complaint. In any event, the decision in Loreley Financing “le[ft] unaltered the grounds on which denial of leave to amend has long been held proper, such as undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, and futility.” Id. The June 22 Opinion denied the Relator’s request for leave to amend, not because the Relator had forfeited the opportunity to amend, but because amendment would have been futile. Miller, 2022 WL 2237619, at *4. And as the Relator’s proposed amendments confirm, the defects identified in the Opinion cannot be cured by amendment. Although the proposed First Amended Complaint contains more detail about the defendants’ alleged violations, the Relator’s reverse false claim still alleges compliance failures that do not by themselves give rise to an “obligation” to pay under the FCA. Finally, leave to amend was properly denied because the Relator failed to support her request to amend with any proposed amendment or explanation of how the defects in her pleading would be cured. Conclusion The Relator’s July 20, 2022 motion for reconsideration is denied. Dated: August 1, 2022
