In recent articles and commentaries, authors have theorized a growing trend of large corporations allegedly engaging in a business technique known as “efficient infringement.” This technique, the authors have argued, involves a calculation by which a company weighs the benefits of manufacturing or selling a product patented by a third party against the likelihood a court will hold it liable for infringement. According to the theory, if the benefits outweigh the costs, the company will infringe.

The use of a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether the risk of infringing outweighs the costs of developing a noninfringing alternative is rooted in contract law. In a typical example, a party to a contract will find a breach more “efficient” if its profits arising from the breach exceed the damages owed to the non­breaching party. Applied to patent law, the costs or risks involved require an understanding and analysis of patent law. For example, one would assess the likelihood of a court or jury finding infringement; finding the applicable patent claims not invalid; finding the patent not unenforceable; issuing a remedy more severe than payment of a reasonable royalty; issuing an injunction; and finding willful infringement, thereby opening the door to potential treble damages and attorney fees.

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