While deeming the Privacy Shield agreement an improvement upon the defunct Safe Harbor agreement, an opinion by the EU’s Article 29 Working Party admonished the agreement’s data protection and enforcement shortcomings, as well as the vagueness and ambiguity of the agreement’s language.

In a statement posted online, the Working Party, which is made up of the European Commission, data protection authorities from each EU country, and a European Data Protection Supervisor, criticized the agreement’s structure for being unclear. The statement noted that the dispersion of information among the “adequacy decision and in its annexes makes the information both difficult to find, and at times, inconsistent.”