After the Netherlands overhauled its three-decades-old collective redress system in 2020, it quickly became Europe’s prime class action jurisdiction. International funders and boutique litigation firms piled into the country, and around 50 claims were filed in the first two years after the new, opt-out regime was introduced.

But since then, only three of the dozens of cases backed by litigation funders have made it past the first legal hurdle to a trial.