Wopke Hoekstra, the EU’s commissioner for climate action, noted at the end of COP28: “humanity has finally done what is long, long, long overdue”.

Following intense negotiation and extension to the summit, the final text of the Global Stocktake called on countries to contribute, “taking into account their different national circumstances, pathways and approaches” to “transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner”, marking the first time fossil fuels were directly mentioned in a COP decision.