A federal appellate court has upheld a ruling barring the National Collegiate Athletic Association from capping education-related benefits to Division I women’s and men’s basketball players and football schools in the Football Bowl Subdivision.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on Monday upheld a March 2019 injunction from U.S. District Judge Claudia Wilken of the Northern District of California, who found that NCAA caps on education-related benefits such as computers, science equipment, postgraduate scholarships, and aid to study abroad violated federal antitrust laws. The Ninth Circuit panel held that Wilken had reasonably found—based on demand analyses, survey evidence, and NCAA testimony during a bench trial last year—that caps on noncash, education-related benefits had no demand-preserving effect and, therefore, no pro-competitive justification needed to sway the case in the organization’s favor under the so-called rule of reason analysis.