In a courtroom, can I address a judge by their last name?

In a courtroom, addressing a judge becomes very important. The judge helps to bring the dignity and awe to the courtroom. Courtroom decorum is very important. Courtroom decorum helps to set the tone of the proceedings, helps to magnify the majesty of the courtroom, and helps to create the awe necessary for the respect due the legal system and the law. That is why it is so important when addressing a judge that a lawyer stands up and when a lawyer wants to question a witness, a lawyer can ask permission to sit while questioning. It is easier to question with notes directly in front of the lawyer, but without asking permission to sit, a lawyer should stand and do the questioning. Some judges require a lawyer to always question from a podium. All this, again, helps to enhance the dignity of the courtroom setting.