In November 2016, media outlets across the United States, including the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post, were abuzz with the findings from a new study by Yale University researchers published in the New England Journal of Medicine. According to the study, when a person with health insurance goes to the emergency room in a hospital covered by their insurance, 22% of the time they will receive bills for treatment by an out-of-network doctor.

The study, based on data from an unnamed insurance company, blamed the issue on private equity-owned hospital staffing companies. Only in August 2021 was it revealed that UnitedHealth was the source of the data. But the motives for the study are a story for a different day.