Let us consider the case of an automated software robot conducting financial transactions on behalf of a company. The robot makes a mistake, causing financial loss for the firm’s client. Who is responsible in this case? Is it the company that owns the process, the third-party consultant that designed the robotic process or the software vendor that developed the robot?

An automated underwriting process using artificial intelligence (AI) unfairly discriminates against a specific socially economic group because of a flaw or bias in the underlying AI algorithm. Does the company that used the algorithm even understand how it really works?