ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS Petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals dismissing petitioner’s appeal from a decision of an Immigration Judge ordering his removal on the ground that he had been convicted of an aggravated felony crime of violence. On review, petitioner argues that his conviction for second-degree assault under New York Penal Law §120.05(1) is not a crime of violence as defined in 18 U.S.C. §16(a). PETITION DENIED. PER CURIAM Petitioner Chike Abayomi Thompson, a native and citizen of Jamaica, seeks review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal of a decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) ordering his removal on the ground that he had been convicted of an aggravated felony crime of violence. In re Chike Abayomi Thompson, No. A 089 152 207, 2017 WL 6555156 (B.I.A. Oct. 12, 2017), aff’g No. A 089 152 207 (Immig. Ct. Batavia Mar. 1, 2017). In December 2015, Thompson was convicted of the offense of assault in the second degree in violation of New York Penal Law (“NYPL”) §120.05(1). Removal proceedings were initiated in November 2016, and on March 1, 2017, an IJ denied Thompson’s motion to terminate the removal proceedings. The IJ also ordered Thompson’s removal under 8 U.S.C. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) on the ground that his conviction for violating NYPL §120.05(1) was an aggravated felony crime of violence under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(43)(F), which defines “crime of violence” by reference to 18 U.S.C. §16. On October 12, 2017, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed Thompson’s appeal. This petition for review followed.1 Our jurisdiction to review a final order of removal against an alien who was ordered removed because of an aggravated felony is limited to “constitutional claims or questions of law.” 8 U.S.C. §1252(a)(2)(C), (D). Thompson raises a reviewable question of law: whether a conviction under NYPL §120.05(1) is an aggravated felony crime of violence under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(43)(F) and 18 U.S.C. §16. The BIA’s decision is the subject of our judicial review. Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005). We review the question of law de novo. Pierre v. Holder, 588 F.3d 767, 772 (2d Cir. 2009). The sole issue before us is whether a conviction under NYPL §120.05(1) is a crime of violence as defined in 18 U.S.C. §16(a).2 Section 16(a) defines “crime of violence” as “an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” 18 U.S.C. §16(a). “Force is defined broadly as power, violence, or pressure directed against a person or thing.” Santana v. Holder, 714 F.3d 140, 144 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, the “use of physical force” refers to intentional — rather than accidental — force and “suggests a category of violent, active crimes.” Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1, 9-11 (2004); see also Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 140 (2010) (holding that 18 U.S.C. §924(e)’s nearly identical “physical force” clause “means violent force — that is, force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person”). To determine whether a state conviction is a crime of violence, we apply the categorical approach and look only to the elements of the state offense — not the facts underlying the crime. See Morris v. Holder, 676 F.3d 309, 314 (2d Cir. 2012); see also Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980, 1986 (2015). Where a statute such as NYPL §120.05 “sets out one or more elements of the offense in the alternative,” we use the modified categorical approach, which essentially applies the categorical approach only to the crime of conviction.3 Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257 (2013). Under NYPL §120.05(1), “[a] person is guilty of assault in the second degree when:…[w]ith intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person.” In addition, New York defines “[s]erious physical injury” as “physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.” NYPL §10.00(10). Thompson’s conviction for second-degree assault, therefore, meets §16(a)’s physical force requirement because NYPL §120.05(1) requires that a defendant (1) cause a serious physical injury to another (2) with the intent to do so. See NYPL §120.05(1); see also United States v. Scott, 990 F.3d 94, 100 (2d Cir. 2021) (en banc) (holding that New York first-degree manslaughter, which penalizes causing death with the intent to cause serious physical injury, includes the use of force as an element of the offense). A person who causes serious physical injury with the intent to do so, in violation of NYPL §120.05(1), necessarily uses physical force. See United States v. Castleman, 572 U.S. 157, 170 (2014) (“It is impossible to cause bodily injury without applying force in the common-law sense.”); id. at 169 (reasoning that “the knowing or intentional causation of bodily injury necessarily involves the use of physical force”). Moreover, force that causes “serious physical injury” under §120.05(1) is “violent force — that is, force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person,” Johnson, 559 U.S. at 140, because New York defines “serious physical injury” as “physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ,” NYPL §10.00(10). Finally, Thompson argues that NYPL §120.05(1) is overbroad because it applies to conduct that does not involve the use or threatened use of physical force. For example, Thompson argues that NYPL §120.05(1) would cover poisoning someone or placing a barrier in front of a car causing an accident. This argument is without merit, however, as we have held that “a use of physical force can encompass acts undertaken to cause physical harm, even when the harm occurs indirectly (as with poisoning),” Villanueva v. United States, 893 F.3d 123, 130 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted), or occurs because the defendant “initiat[ed]…a consequence that inflicts injury,” id. at 129, as with placing a physical barrier in front of a car causing an accident. See Castleman, 572 U.S. at 170 (“[T]he common-law concept of ‘force’ encompasses even its indirect application.”); see also Scott, 990 F.3d at 113 (holding that New York first-degree manslaughter, whether committed “by commission or omission,” requires the use of force because the “causation and intent elements can be satisfied only when a defendant knowingly employs the violent force causing death as the instrument for pursuing his own seriously injurious purpose”). CONCLUSION Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED.
