If, as author Robert Sherrill maintained in his 1970 book, Military Justice Is to Justice as Military Music Is to Music, then immigration justice in 21st century America is as melodious as an atonal, off-pitch cacophony. The forms and forums for truth-seeking and dispute resolution under the U.S. immigration system are wide-ranging, largely counterintuitive and often too dysfunctional to mete out true justice. These include:

• The Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR), comprised of the Immigration Courts and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), housed in the U.S. Department of Justice, with jurisdiction over the removal of foreign nationals from the United States;