Buffalo Police pull a vehicle over. The license plate is out of state. Officers approach and inform three African Americans inside a turn signal was missed. The driver has a prominent neck tattoo.

He presents his Learner’s Permit. The front-seat passenger, his girlfriend, presents her driver’s license and paperwork for the just-purchased, out-of-state vehicle. The officers walk back to their patrol car. On a body camera, one officer can be heard saying, “They have a gun. I just know it. We need a reason to search.”