A surgeon and his practice have been ordered to pay almost $9,000 in fees related to a discovery dispute in a case a defense lawyer said throws a harsh light on the interaction between personal injury lawyers, healthcare providers and litigation funders.

Spine Center Atlanta and its co-founder, Dr. James Chappuis, are not named parties in the litigation playing out in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, but their marketing, business model and communications with the plaintiffs lawyers in this and other cases have become a focal point of the case.