The full case caption appears at the
end of this opinion. OPINION Justice Enoch delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Phillips, Justice Baker, Justice Hankinson, Justice O’Neill, and Justice Gonzales joined, and in which Justice Owen joined in Part VII. Justice Owen filed a concurring opinion. Justice Hecht filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice Abbott joined. I. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s denial of a minor’s request for waiver of parental notification to obtain an abortion. We vacate the judgments of the court of appeals and the trial court and remand to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion. II. Jane Doe is a pregnant, unemancipated minor. Under Family Code section 33.003, Doe applied to the trial court for an order allowing her to have an abortion without notifying her parents.
[FOOTNOTE 1] The trial court appointed her an attorney and, as the Family Code permits, also designated the attorney to serve as her guardian ad litem.
[FOOTNOTE 2] After a hearing the trial court denied the application and made the following factual findings: (1) that the minor was not mature and sufficiently well informed to decide to have an abortion without notifying either of her parents; (2) that it was in the minor’s “best interest to notify her parents”; and (3) that there was “no evidence that notification of [the minor's] parents may lead to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse . . . .” The trial court then concluded sua sponte that the judicial bypass provision of the parental notification law was unconstitutional for three reasons. First, the provision’s two-day deadline for a trial court’s determination infringed on the judicial function and, thus, violated the Texas Constitution’s separation-of-powers clause.
[FOOTNOTE 3] Second, the statute’s confidentiality provisions violated the Texas Constitution’s open courts provision.
[FOOTNOTE 4] And third, the bypass provision’s two-day time period violated fundamental due process.
[FOOTNOTE 5] Affirming, the court of appeals stated that its decision was based on the trial court’s findings of fact, and that consequently it did not reach the trial court’s constitutional questions. Here, Doe challenges all three of the trial court’s factual findings. She also asserts that the court of appeals erred in not considering the bypass provision’s constitutionality and that the provision is constitutional. Because the hearing in this case was conducted before our opinion in In re Jane Doe (Doe 1),
[FOOTNOTE 6] and because this court has not previously considered section 33.003′s best interests and potential abuse prongs, we vacate the judgments of the courts below and remand to the trial court for a new hearing in light of this opinion and Doe 1. III. Doe contends that the trial court erred in finding that she was not mature and sufficiently well informed to consent to an abortion without notifying either of her parents. In Doe 1, which was decided after the trial court’s hearing in this case, we set forth three showings that a minor must make to establish that she is sufficiently well informed. First, “she must show that she has obtained information from a health-care provider about the health risks associated with an abortion and that she understands those risks.”
[FOOTNOTE 7] Second, “she must show that she understands the alternatives to abortion and their implications.”
[FOOTNOTE 8] Third, “she must show that she is also aware of the emotional and psychological aspects of undergoing an abortion . . . .”
[FOOTNOTE 9] On the question of maturity, we held that if a court determines that the minor is not mature enough to decide to have an abortion without notifying her parents, “the court should make specific findings concerning its determination so that there can be meaningful review on appeal.”
[FOOTNOTE 10] Because we delivered our opinion in Doe 1 after the hearing in this case, the Doe 1 factors were not available for the trial court to apply. For the same reason, the minor could not know the evidence to needed to meet the Doe 1 factors. On remand, the trial should consider at a subsequent hearing whether Doe was “mature and sufficiently well informed” in light of Doe 1. IV. Doe also challenges the trial court’s denial of her application on the ground that “notification would not be in [her] best interests . . . .”
[FOOTNOTE 11] Before we determine the merits of Doe’s claim, we must first decide what standard of review applies to a trial court’s “best interests” determination under this statute. We conclude that an appellate court should review a trial court’s determination regarding whether notification is in the minor’s best interests under the abuse of discretion standard. Unlike the “mature and sufficiently well informed” determination, in which the trial court is solely making factual findings, determining the minor’s best interests requires the trial court to balance the possible benefits and detriments to the minor in notifying her parents. This type of balancing necessarily involves the exercise of judicial discretion and should be reviewed on that basis.
[FOOTNOTE 12] Moreover, in many other family law contexts, such as custody,
[FOOTNOTE 13] adoption,
[FOOTNOTE 14] and child support,
[FOOTNOTE 15] we review a trial court’s best interests findings for abuse of discretion. (We recognize, however, that courts of appeals have reviewed best interests determinations in termination-of-parental-rights cases
[FOOTNOTE 16] and juvenile justice matters
[FOOTNOTE 17] for legal and factual sufficiency.) Because of the discretionary nature of the trial court’s determination and the similarity to review of best interests findings in other family law contexts, we hold that abuse of discretion is the proper standard of review. Before setting out guidelines for the best interests determination, we note that the trial court specifically found that it would be in Doe’s best interests to notify her parents. That is not the proper inquiry under the statute, which directs the court to consider whether “notification would not be in the best interests of the minor . . . .”
[FOOTNOTE 18] To determine whether notification would not be in the minor’s best interests, the trial court should weigh the advantages and disadvantages of parental notification in the minor’s specific situation. Although the best interests determination necessarily involves evaluating whether notification could lead to abuse of the minor, that the Legislature included the potential for abuse as a separate reason for granting a bypass makes it clear that the best interests determination encompasses a broader concern for the minor’s welfare. In Holley v. Adams,
[FOOTNOTE 19] we developed a list of non-exhaustive factors for determining a minor’s best interests.
[FOOTNOTE 20] Four of these factors are relevant when adapted to the parental notification context, and a trial court should consider them in determining best interests: (1) the minor’s emotional or physical needs; (2) the possibility of emotional or physical danger to the minor; (3) the stability of the minor’s home and whether notification would cause serious and lasting harm to the family structure; and (4) the relationship between the parent and the minor and the effect of notification on that relationship.
[FOOTNOTE 21] An additional factor that courts in other jurisdictions have considered is whether notification may lead the parents to withdraw emotional and financial support from the minor.
[FOOTNOTE 22] This list is not exhaustive, and in making the best-interests determination the trial court should consider all relevant circumstances. We note, however, that a minor’s generalized fear of telling her parents does not, by itself, establish that notification would not be in the minor’s best interests.
[FOOTNOTE 23] Also, as with the maturity determination, meaningful appellate review is possible only if the trial court makes specific findings about its determination that the minor has not shown that notification is not in her best interests.
[FOOTNOTE 24] Similarly, if the trial court’s determination depends on its assessment of the minor’s credibility, it should make specific findings on that issue.
[FOOTNOTE 25] Upon reviewing this record, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion as a matter of law in finding that Doe had not established that notifying her parents would not be in her best interests. On remand, the trial court at a subsequent hearing should apply the standards we articulate in this opinion to determine whether notification would not be in the minor’s best interest. The trial court should also make the specific findings necessary for its determination. V. Doe also asserts that notifying her parents may cause them to abuse her emotionally or physically. Under the statute, the trial court must grant an order allowing the minor to consent to an abortion without notifying her parents if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that “notification may lead to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of the minor.”
[FOOTNOTE 26] In its findings of fact, the trial court found that there was “no evidence” that notifying the minor’s parents would lead to abuse. We review this factual finding for legal sufficiency.
[FOOTNOTE 27] Doe testified that she was afraid of her father, that he had a temper, and that he had slapped her, but that he had never beat her.
[FOOTNOTE 28] While Doe’s testimony is not conclusive, it is some evidence of the potential for abuse. The record therefore does not support the trial court’s finding that there was no evidence that notification may lead to abuse. On remand the trial court must determine whether, based on all the evidence presented at the subsequent hearing, a preponderance of the evidence supports a finding that notification may lead to abuse. For meaningful appellate review the trial court must make specific findings concerning the potential for abuse.
[FOOTNOTE 29] Similarly, if the trial court determines that the minor’s testimony about potential abuse is not credible, it should also make specific findings in that regard.
[FOOTNOTE 30] That we have provided trial courts forms for making findings of fact and conclusions of law should not prevent them from making the specific findings we require for the maturity, best interests, and potential abuse determinations. These forms are analogous to our forms allowing minors to check off that they have satisfied one or more of the statutory requirements. A minor’s testimony merely parroting the language on the form is not sufficient for a judicial bypass without testimony regarding her specific circumstances. Likewise, the mere fact that the trial court has checked a box on a form does not demonstrate that it has given the careful consideration necessary for such a significant decision. Moreover, the form itself contemplates more specificity, as it includes a place for comments under each of the three statutory requirements, in which the trial court can and should detail its findings. VI. Although Doe has not established that she is entitled to a judicial bypass as a matter of law, we nevertheless vacate the judgments of the courts below and remand for another hearing. Our authority to do so comes from Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 60.2(f), which allows us to “vacate the lower court’s judgment and remand the case for further proceedings in light of changes in the law.”
[FOOTNOTE 31] Although we have never used this rule to remand for a new hearing in the trial court,
[FOOTNOTE 32] the rule’s plain language does not preclude us from doing so. This rule is particularly well-suited to situations such as this one, where courts must apply the requirements of a unique or novel statutory scheme. Here, remanding for a subsequent hearing is appropriate because the trial court conducted its hearing before we decided Doe 1, in which we established the factors for the “mature and sufficiently well informed” determination, and before we had considered the best interests and potential for abuse prongs. Our disposition thus allows Jane Doe to present evidence based on Doe 1 and this opinion and allows the trial court to evaluate that evidence based on these two opinions. VII. Finally, we consider the trial court’s determination that Chapter 33 of the Family Code is an unconstitutional violation of the separation-of-powers clause,
[FOOTNOTE 33] the open courts provision,
[FOOTNOTE 34] and due process.
[FOOTNOTE 35] The trial court raised this issue sua sponte without benefit of argument or briefing. Doe argues that the statute is constitutional and that the trial court erred in addressing these constitutional questions in this case. We agree that the trial court erred in addressing the constitutional issues and express no opinion on them. We have previously cautioned that the constitutionality of a statute should be considered only when the question is properly raised and such determination is necessary and appropriate to a decision in the case.
[FOOTNOTE 36] The presumption is that a statute enacted by our Legislature is constitutional,
[FOOTNOTE 37] and attacks on that presumption should generally be raised as an affirmative defense to enforcement of the statute.
[FOOTNOTE 38] In the absence of an appropriate pleading raising the issue of unconstitutionality, the trial court is generally without authority to reach the issue.
[FOOTNOTE 39] The minor could raise a constitutional challenge herself, but time constraints often may make such a challenge impractical. Chapter 33 provides for an expedited, confidential, and nonadversarial hearing for determining whether the minor may obtain an abortion without parental notice. In other states, similar parental notification bypass provisions have been challenged by interested parties through declaratory judgment actions.
[FOOTNOTE 40] Under the circumstances of this case and in the context of this unique proceeding, we conclude that the trial court erred in both raising and deciding the constitutional issue. Accordingly, we reverse that part of the trial court’s judgment determining the statute to be unconstitutional and, without reference to the merits, vacate that part of its judgment. VII. For the above reasons, we remand Jane Doe’s application to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion. The proceedings in the trial court must be concluded as if Doe’s application had been filed the next business day after our opinion issues. In the event that Doe requires additional time after issuance of this opinion to prepare for a hearing, she may request an extension of time.
[FOOTNOTE 41] CRAIG T. ENOCH, Associate Justice Opinion delivered: March 7, 2000
Concurrence and Dissent omitted. Related Article:
Texas Supreme Court Overturns Denial in Parental Notification Case :::FOOTNOTES:::
FN1 See Tex. Fam. Code 33.003.
FN2 See id. 33.003(e). We recognize that this dual capacity may create a conflict of interest. In this case, however, the record reveals no such conflict.
FN3 Tex. Const., art. II, 1.
FN4 Tex. Const., art. I, 13.
FN5 Tex. Const., art. I, 19.
FN6 ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. 2000).
FN7 Id. at __.
FN8 Id. at __.
FN9 Id. at __.
FN10 Id. at __.
FN11 Tex. Fam. Code 33.003(i).
FN12 See Doe 1, __ S.W.3d at __; General Tire, Inc. v. Kepple, 970 S.W.2d 520, 526 (Tex. 1998).
FN13 See Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982).
FN14 See In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716, 716 (Tex. 1984).
FN15 See Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990).
FN16 See, e.g., In re M.D.S., 1 S.W.3d 190, 200 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1999, no pet.); In re R.D., 955 S.W.2d 364, 368 (Tex. App.–San Antonio, pet. denied); Edwards v. Texas Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory Servs., 946 S.W.2d 130, 138 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1997, no writ); Dupree v. Texas Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 86-87 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1996, no writ).
FN17 See In re S.A.M., 933 S.W.2d 744, 746 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1996, no writ).
FN18 Tex. Fam. Code 33.003(i)(emphasis added).
FN9 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976).
FN20 See id. at 371-72; see also In re Marriage of Bertram, 981 S.W.2d 820, 822-23 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 1998, no pet.)(applying the Holley factors to determine best interests in a conservatorship proceeding).
FN21 See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72; see also In re Petition of Doe for Waiver of Notice, 866 P.2d 1069, 1075 (Kan. Ct. App. 1994)(using similar factors for the best interests determination in applying a parental notification statute).
FN22 See In re Petition of Doe for Waiver of Notice, 866 P.2d at 1075; In re Complaint of Doe, 615 N.E.2d 1142, 1143 (Ohio Ct. App. 1992)(per curiam).
FN23 See In re E.H., __ S.E.2d __, __ (Ga. Ct. App. 1999); In re T.P., 475 N.E.2d 312, 315 (Ind. 1985); In re Anonymous 2, 570 N.W.2d 836, 840 (Neb. 1997).
FN24 See Doe 1, __ S.W.3d at __.
FN25 See id.
FN26 Tex. Fam. Code 33.003(i).
FN27 See Doe 1, __ S.W.3d at __; Catalina v. Blasdell, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
FN28 Where paraphrasing is sufficient to convey the gist of testimony from the application hearing, we will not quote the testimony because the statute mandates that the record remain confidential. See Tex. Fam. Code 33.003(k).
FN29 See Doe 1, __ S.W.3d at __.
FN30 See id.
FN31 Tex. R. App. P. 60.2(f).
FN32 See, e.g., Bacon v. General Devices, Inc., 830 S.W.2d 106, 107 (Tex. 1992); Welex, A Div. of Halliburton Co. v. Broom, 816 S.W.2d 340 (Tex. 1991) (both remanding to the court of appeals for reconsideration in light of changes in the law).
FN33 Tex. Const. art. I, 2.
FN34 Tex. Const. art. I, 13.
FN35 Tex. Const. art. I, 19.
FN36 See Wood v. Wood, 320 S.W.2d 807, 813 (Tex. 1959)(“constitutionality of a statute will be considered only when the question is properly raised and a decision becomes necessary and appropriate to the disposal of the case and no statute should be overruled without careful and mature consideration”).
FN37 See Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d 661, 664 (Tex. 1983).
FN38 See State v. Scott, 460 S.W.2d 103, 107 (Tex. 1970).
FN39 See Houston Chronicle Pub. Co. v. City of Houston, 531 S.W.2d 177, 183 (Tex. Civ. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1975), writ ref’d n.r.e., 536 S.W.2d 559 (Tex. 1976); cf. Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex.1993)(“a claim, including a constitutional claim, must have been asserted in the trial court in order to be raised on appeal”).
FN40 See, e.g., Lambert v. Wicklund, 520 U.S. 292 (1997)(physicians who perform abortions filed declaratory judgment action challenging Montana statute); Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52 (1976)(physicians challenging Missouri statute).
FN41 See Tex. Fam. Code 33.003(h).
IN RE JANE DOE 2 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS No. 00-0191 IN RE JANE DOE 2 On Petition for Review
