General counsel are responsible for helping their companies balance countervailing mandates under immigration law: verifying employment eligibility while not discriminating unlawfully. With the recent implementation of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which gives work authorization to those who establish that they were in the United States without authorization, GCs are sure to face implementation questions from managers. This article provides guidance on handling both responsibilities.
Employers must verify the employment eligibility of every new employee hired after Nov. 6, 1986, using Form I-9. Violations of this law can trigger potentially large civil fines — and even criminal penalties and injunctions for pattern or practice violations. Liability also can arise from the failure to complete and retain I-9 forms properly (referred to as "paperwork" violations).
To avoid discrimination against applicants based on a perception that they look or sound foreign, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) requires that the I-9 verification procedure happen after hiring, and it incorporates provisions against discrimination based on citizenship status or national origin.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1986, 8 U.S.C. §1324b, contains an anti-discrimination provision, §274B, prohibiting: citizenship status discrimination in hiring, firing, or recruitment or referral for a fee; national origin discrimination in hiring, firing, or recruitment or referral for a fee; document abuse (unfair documentary practices during the employment eligibility verification process, which occurs via Form I-9); and retaliation or intimidation.
U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, temporary residents, asylees and refugees are protected from citizenship status discrimination. The national origin provisions prohibit employers from treating individuals differently because of their place of birth, country of origin, ancestry, native language, accent, or because they are perceived as looking or sounding "foreign."
The unfair documentary practices provision relates to verifying the employment eligibility of employees. Under this provision, employers may not request more or different documents than are required to verify employment eligibility, reject reasonably genuine-looking documents, or specify certain documents over others with the purpose or intent of discriminating on the basis of citizenship status or national origin.
So, employers must balance these two countervailing requirements. If they fail in their I-9 compliance efforts, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security might institute civil and criminal sanctions against them. Alternatively, if they go too far to ensure work authorization, the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices (OSC), might pursue significant civil sanctions.
Also, general counsel should make corporate leaders aware of the link between workplace compliance liability and corporate disclosure obligations related to the Form I-9. More and more, companies are forced to put shareholders and potential investors on notice of I-9 compliance deficiencies in U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings.
DACA
General counsel may face questions regarding the intersection of DACA and existing law in a variety of ways.
First, what should a manager do if a current employee specifically asks for the employer's help in applying for the DACA benefit? In this case, the employer might conclude that the employee currently is unauthorized to work and terminate him or her. However, in some cases the employee might have lawful status or work authorization via some other path. The legal department should educate managers to elevate all such cases to legal counsel for review before taking an employment action.
