With his bow tie, unfailingly polite questions and calm demeanor, Justice John Paul Stevens appears to be an unlikely revolutionary. But in the past decade, he led an effort that overhauled key elements of the criminal justice system.
It began in 2000 with his majority opinion in Apprendi v. New Jersey, holding that due process required that any fact increasing the penalty for a crime above the prescribed statutory maximum must be proved to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. And it culminated with U.S. v. Booker in 2005 in which Stevens dismantled the mandatory character of federal sentencing guidelines. In the process, he put together an unusual coalition, finding key support from justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas.
