One of the most vexing problems for global companies and their lawyers is how to identify, collect and use electronically stored information in e-discovery without ending up in jail or facing huge fines. The most obvious problem is that countries have very different laws about personal privacy, often developed in reaction to their unique histories—especially if that history included repressive regimes where personal information was used to identify and kill dissidents.
At the Georgetown Advanced E-Discovery Institute's recent panel, "First Do No Harm: Preserving and Admitting Foreign ESI," panelists offered analysis and advice on this challenging topic, which becomes more difficult by the day as the world becomes increasingly "smaller" with the explosion of inexpensive mobile devices and communication options.
The panelists brought a rich range of experience to the discussion. Shira Scheindlin, a U.S. District Court judge in the Southern District of New York, previously worked as a prosecutor, commercial lawyer, and as a special master. Kenneth Rashbaum, an attorney and principal at Rashbaum Associate, moderated the 75-minute program, held at The Ritz-Carlton Tysons Corner, in metropolitan Washington, D.C. He previously worked at Fios Inc.; Sedgwick, Detert, Moran and Arnold; and as a Kings County district attorney. London-based Jonathan Armstrong is a partner at Duane Morris, and a host of the firm's TechLaw10 podcast series. He previously was a partner at Eversheds. Matthew Knouff is general counsel and e-discovery counsel at Complete Discovery Source. Attorney Stephanie Mendelsohn is director of corporate records and e-discovery at Genentech, and formerly was a partner at Reed Smith. Fernando Pinguelo, is a trial lawyer and chair of Norris McLaughlin & Marcus' Cyber Security & Data Protection Group, and serves as an adjunct professor at Seton Hall University Law School, where he teaches an e-discovery course.
The stakes of international e-discovery are high, said Rashbaum, kicking off the discussion. But, he cautioned, failure to admit ESI that has cost millions of dollars to collect, review and produce is most often "a self-inflicted wound," he said, quoting a statement recently made by then-Magistrate Judge Paul Grimm (who this week was elevated to full judge status in the Maryland U.S. District Court).
But Rashbaum was preaching to an educated choir—when he polled the large audience, most raised their hands to indicate that they have been dealing with overseas ESI. At the heart of cross-border e-discovery challenges is the reality that personal data is viewed differently from country to country, and "personal data has a value in Europe that is protected by law," explained Armstrong.
While there are different litigation systems worldwide, the practice areas that currently generate e-discovery quandaries usually boil down to three: employment, data privacy and data protection. Complicating matters even more, when it comes to privacy laws, there is "different enforcement, even within Europe," in addition to the "contrasting approaches" taken by Europe and the United States. Fueling the challenge, he said, is the "increased militancy of defendants and subjects."
Culture and history are key to understanding these agendas, the panelists explained. "Data privacy laws change after revolutions," said Armstrong. "Europe is a quilt of different nations with different histories. Broadly, people feel strongly when they come from a country that has a history of repression."
For example, France, he said, is particularly wary of privacy regarding political sentiment; and Switzerland is queasy about data export. Hungary fiercely protects medical records privacy, because in its past, dental records were used by the Kremlin to identify dissidents, track them down and kill them. The U.K., however, hasn't experienced that level of repression, Armstrong noted, also observing that sensitivities change as generations change.
There is an increasing resistance of data regulators to broad investigations, he noted, and a spike in whistleblowers who report improper use of data. In 1996, the European Union created an "Article 29 Working Party," comprised of one member from each country, that provides advice and opinions on data privacy, Armstrong noted. "It is like a frat club for data regulators."
The biggest issue facing international litigants dealing with e-discovery, said Scheindlin, is defining the trigger when parties must start saving potentially relevant data. Specifically, when does the reasonable anticipation of litigation apply when it comes to the decision to initiate a legal hold? That issue is right in Scheindlin's wheelhouse—she wrote landmark opinions on this question that shaped the early development of e-discovery, including Zubulake v. UBS Warburg.
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